https://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&limit=250&action=history&feed=atomPhilippe Egalité - Revision history2024-03-19T02:41:11ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.2https://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1725&oldid=prevToubiana at 19:03, 9 January 20232023-01-09T19:03:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General [[Dumouriez]]. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">refractary </del>priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General [[Dumouriez]]. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">refractory </ins>priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General [[Dumouriez]] and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and [[Dumouriez]]. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General [[Dumouriez]] and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and [[Dumouriez]]. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1701&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:59, 27 July 20222022-07-27T15:59:49Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1641&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:32, 1 February 20212021-02-01T15:32:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752 when, upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacked depth and rigor in his education. In 1756 his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, [[Tronchin, Théodore]] to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752 when, upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacked depth and rigor in his education. In 1756 his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, [[Tronchin, Théodore]] to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was often in debt. In June 1769 he married 16 year old Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortunes of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848; he was the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After a </del>few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to his own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">managed to be </del>officially in charge of Louis Philippe and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his wife’s legitimate </del>children, especially the education of the future king Louis Philippe I.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was often in debt. In June 1769 he married 16 year old Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortunes of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">later </ins>king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848; he was the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A </ins>few months <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">after his wedding</ins>, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to his own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </ins>officially in charge of Louis Philippe and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon's </ins>children, especially the education of the future king Louis Philippe I.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he </del>sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </del>imposed reforms favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he </del>was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Louis Philippe </del>decided to start a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, he was promoted Lieutenant General with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escape. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Louis Philippe </ins>sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who </ins>imposed reforms favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Louis Philippe </ins>was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he </ins>decided to start a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, he was promoted Lieutenant General with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escape. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1634&oldid=prevToubiana at 23:57, 28 January 20212021-01-28T23:57:19Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:57, 28 January 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Dumouriez<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Dumouriez<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Dumouriez<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1589&oldid=prevToubiana at 01:09, 28 December 20182018-12-28T01:09:11Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:09, 27 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any real </del>spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty without evidence but specifically because of his son's defection and his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1588&oldid=prevToubiana at 03:26, 27 December 20182018-12-27T03:26:01Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:26, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12">Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April, General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also recognized he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 November 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">without evidence but </ins>specifically because of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his son's defection and </ins>his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1587&oldid=prevToubiana at 03:11, 27 December 20182018-12-27T03:11:51Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:11, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12">Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former "prince du sang" sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">admitted </del>he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">January </del>1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recognized </ins>he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">November </ins>1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1583&oldid=prevToubiana at 02:32, 27 December 20182018-12-27T02:32:48Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:32, 26 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of blood </del>sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionary party led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>prince <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">du sang" </ins>sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1582&oldid=prevToubiana at 02:23, 27 December 20182018-12-27T02:23:07Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:23, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">revolutionaries </del>led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Montagnarfds </del>accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">revolutionary party </ins>led by influential and authoritative leaders <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">such </ins>as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Montagnards </ins>accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized royal line ran through Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1581&oldid=prevToubiana at 21:20, 26 December 20182018-12-26T21:20:05Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:20, 26 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast rising against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the blood of king </del>ran <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">royal line </ins>ran <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through </ins>Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1580&oldid=prevToubiana at 21:16, 26 December 20182018-12-26T21:16:32Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:16, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">turning </del>against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rising </ins>against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1579&oldid=prevToubiana at 21:11, 26 December 20182018-12-26T21:11:33Z<p></p>
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:11, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not believe him suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests whichsuch </del>as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1578&oldid=prevToubiana at 21:07, 26 December 20182018-12-26T21:07:24Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:07, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8">Line 8:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to start a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, he was promoted Lieutenant General with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escape. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to start a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, he was promoted Lieutenant General with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escape. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">think he was </del>suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">believe him </ins>suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests whichsuch as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order to march as a simple citizen. Additionally, while surprised by the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied with the turn of events. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking any real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England under pretext of entrusting him with a diplomatic mission regarding the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule. Louis Philippe naively believed this could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and sworn loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, and future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists of initiating the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution), including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests whichsuch as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnarfds accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1577&oldid=prevToubiana at 21:05, 26 December 20182018-12-26T21:05:35Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:05, 26 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l10">Line 10:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France, Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king, making him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodges with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main centers for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. Once more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king and hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Les Liaisons dangereuses'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money, therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>At the opening procession, he <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chose </del>to march as a simple citizen <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and not according to his aristocratic rank</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> At </del>the fall of the Bastille, he was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">surprised but rather </del>satisfied. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>He was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </del>accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pretending to entrust </del>him with a diplomatic mission <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dealing with </del>the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which he </del>naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">swore </del>loyalty to the Assembly. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>He was blamed by the royalists <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to initiate </del>the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">forwent marching in accordance to his aristocratic rank in order </ins>to march as a simple citizen. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Additionally, while surprised by </ins>the fall of the Bastille, he was satisfied <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with the turn of events</ins>. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any </ins>real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">under pretext of entrusting </ins>him with a diplomatic mission <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regarding </ins>the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Louis Philippe </ins>naively believed <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this </ins>could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sworn </ins>loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of initiating </ins>the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man. Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests whichsuch </ins>as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Montagnarfds </ins>accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">such </del>as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Montagnards </del>accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians, an act which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1576&oldid=prevToubiana at 17:28, 26 December 20182018-12-26T17:28:42Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:28, 26 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince, member of the National Assembly and the Convention</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince, member of the National Assembly and the Convention</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cousin to the king, Louis XVI, </del>prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because Louis XV was still in his minority</del>. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was prince of royal blood of the Orleans family <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and cousin to the king, Louis XVI</ins>. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when </del>upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lacking </del>depth and rigor in his education. In 1756<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, [[Tronchin, Théodore]] to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when</ins>, upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lacked </ins>depth and rigor in his education. In 1756 his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, [[Tronchin, Théodore]] to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rarely out of </del>debt. In June 1769<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>he married 16 year old<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fortune </del>of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">her lover’s </del>own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>Louis Philippe I.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often in </ins>debt. In June 1769 he married 16 year old Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fortunes </ins>of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; he was </ins>the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his </ins>own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>especially the education of the future king Louis Philippe I.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">do </del>a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, he was promoted Lieutenant General</del>. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">escaped</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">start </ins>a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">he was promoted Lieutenant General </ins>with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">escape</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>antagonism with the king <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and made </del>him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lodge </del>with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from </del>the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">center </del>for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>which the Parliament of Paris <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </del>strongly opposed. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One </del>more <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time</del>, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dangerous </del>Liaisons'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on the top of </del>the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued antagonism with the king<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, making </ins>him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lodges </ins>with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">centers </ins>for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision which the Parliament of Paris strongly opposed. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Once </ins>more, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les </ins>Liaisons <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dangereuses</ins>'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, [[Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1575&oldid=prevToubiana at 00:49, 26 December 20182018-12-26T00:49:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, an act </ins>which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them back in Paris. On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he was found guilty specifically because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs sprinkled with Bordeaux wine, he proudly and dauntlessly went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1574&oldid=prevToubiana at 00:44, 26 December 20182018-12-26T00:44:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">condemned </del>because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs, he proudly went to the scaffold <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and was guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">back in Paris</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> On 6 January 1793, after answering all suspicions of betrayal from the prosecutor, he </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found guilty specifically </ins>because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters and ribs <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sprinkled with Bordeaux wine</ins>, he proudly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and dauntlessly </ins>went to the scaffold. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1573&oldid=prevToubiana at 00:07, 26 December 20182018-12-26T00:07:19Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:07, 25 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as [[Robespierre, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]], Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because of his noble birth. He courageously asked the tribunal not to delay his execution but to carry it the very same day. After a lavish dinner of oysters </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ribs, he proudly went to the scaffold and was </ins>guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1567&oldid=prevToubiana at 16:57, 25 December 20182018-12-25T16:57:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to adhere to a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1566&oldid=prevToubiana at 16:56, 25 December 20182018-12-25T16:56:37Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be a full member of </del>a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adhere to </ins>a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1558&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:45, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:45:10Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Robespierre<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Maximilien François Marie Isidore de]]</ins>, Danton, [[Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de]], [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1557&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:42, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:42:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms, favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to do a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral, he was promoted Lieutenant General. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escaped. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms, favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to do a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral, he was promoted Lieutenant General. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escaped. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Dangerous Liaisons'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. [[Laclos, Choderlos de]] (author of the famous epistolary novel, ''Dangerous Liaisons'') was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Mirabeau<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de]] </ins>or [[Danton, Georges]] who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1556&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:39, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:39:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Saint<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>Just<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Louis-Antoine de]]</ins>, [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1555&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:36, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:36:04Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince member of the National Assembly and the Convention</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>member of the National Assembly and the Convention</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1554&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:35, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:35:19Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">royal blood</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Philippe Egalité''' (1747-1793): French Prince <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">member </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the National Assembly and the Convention</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1553&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:29, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:29:01Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:29, 25 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Theodore </del>to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Tronchin, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Théodore]] </ins>to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was rarely out of debt. In June 1769, he married 16 year old, Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortune of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848, the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to her lover’s own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king, Louis Philippe I.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was rarely out of debt. In June 1769, he married 16 year old, Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortune of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848, the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to her lover’s own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king, Louis Philippe I.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1552&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:23, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:23:58Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:23, 25 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, Theodore to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, Theodore to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was rarely out of debt. In June 1769, he married 16 year old, Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortune of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848, the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to her lover’s own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king, Louis Philippe I. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms, favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was rarely out of debt. In June 1769, he married 16 year old, Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortune of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848, the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to her lover’s own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king, Louis Philippe I.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to do a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral, he was promoted Lieutenant General. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escaped. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. Laclos, Choderlos de (author of the famous epistolary novel, Dangerous Liaisons) was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or Danton, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">George </del>who did not think he was suited for the job. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms, favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to do a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral, he was promoted Lieutenant General. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escaped. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Laclos, Choderlos de<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>(author of the famous epistolary novel, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Dangerous Liaisons<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>) was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Danton, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Georges]] </ins>who did not think he was suited for the job.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, [[Marat, Jean-Paul]] and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to be a full member of a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to be a full member of a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tom Ambrose, ''Godfather of the revolution : the life of Philippe Égalité, Duc d'Orléans'', 2008.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tom Ambrose, ''Godfather of the revolution : the life of Philippe Égalité, Duc d'Orléans'', 2008.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Guy David Toubiana'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Guy David Toubiana'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Citadel</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Citadel</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1551&oldid=prevToubiana at 15:18, 25 December 20182018-12-25T15:18:32Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:18, 25 December 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité (1747-1793): French Prince of royal blood</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Philippe Egalité<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>(1747-1793): French Prince of royal blood</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, Theodore to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, Theodore to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. Laclos, Choderlos de (author of the famous epistolary novel, Dangerous Liaisons) was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or Danton, George who did not think he was suited for the job. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. Laclos, Choderlos de (author of the famous epistolary novel, Dangerous Liaisons) was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or Danton, George who did not think he was suited for the job. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, Marat, Jean-Paul and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</ins>Marat, Jean-Paul<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to be a full member of a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to be a full member of a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Further Reading: </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tom Ambrose, Godfather of the revolution : the life of Philippe Égalité, Duc d'Orléans, 2008.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tom Ambrose, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Godfather of the revolution : the life of Philippe Égalité, Duc d'Orléans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, 2008.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Guy David Toubiana</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Guy David Toubiana<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Citadel</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Citadel</div></td></tr>
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</table>Toubianahttps://enlightenment-revolution.org/index.php?title=Philippe_Egalit%C3%A9&diff=1543&oldid=prevToubiana: New page: Philippe Egalité (1747-1793): French Prince of royal blood Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to t...2018-12-25T15:04:57Z<p>New page: Philippe Egalité (1747-1793): French Prince of royal blood Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to t...</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>Philippe Egalité (1747-1793): French Prince of royal blood<br />
Philippe Egalité was born Louis Phillippe Joseph, Duke of Orleans, in Saint Cloud, a neighborhood of Paris. He was cousin to the king, Louis XVI, prince of royal blood of the Orleans family. His great grandfather had been the regent of France after the death of Louis XIV because Louis XV was still in his minority. During the revolution, in order to make himself a simple citizen, Louis Philippe would allude to the fact that he might have been a bastard, his father possibly being his aristocratic mother’s coachman, a statement that proved to be wrong. <br />
He was Duke of Montpensier until 1752, when upon his grandfather’s death, he became Duke of Chartres. In 1785, after his father’s death, he became Duke of Orleans. He was raised as a grand aristocrat proud of his birth but lacking depth and rigor in his education. In 1756, his father called on the famed Swiss doctor, Tronchin, Theodore to inoculate his son and the rest of his family against small pox, a decision imitated by the rest of the court. <br />
Louis Philippe was among the richest man of the kingdom but because of the libertine life he led he was rarely out of debt. In June 1769, he married 16 year old, Louise Marie Adelaïde de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Penthièvre, heir to one of the biggest fortune of France. They had six children, their second child but first son, Louis Philippe d’Orleans (1773-1850), was king of the French (no longer called king of France) from 1830 until 1848, the first and only king of the Orleans dynasty. After a few months, Philippe Egalité went back to his libertine activities and would have several illegitimate children. His most famous mistress was Stéphanie Félicité du Crest, Countess de Genlis, lady in waiting to her lover’s own wife. Well educated, author of children education treaties and numerous literary works, she took upon herself to introduce her lover to Rousseau and managed to be officially in charge of Louis Philippe and his wife’s legitimate children especially the education of the future king, Louis Philippe I. <br />
In 1771, in a controversy with Rene Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France, he sided with the Parliaments and continued the politics of “frondeur” that characterized the house of Orleans. He turned against Maupeou, which imposed reforms, favorable to the king but detrimental to the Parliamants; he was exiled in his land of Villers-Cotterêts.<br />
In 1772, Louis Philippe decided to do a career in the navy. In 1778, after a couple of successful campaigns, with his father in law’s help, a top French admiral, he was promoted Lieutenant General. On 27 July 1778, on the coast of Ouessant in French Brittany, during a maritime battle against England, Louis Philippe rushed on British ships but because of poor communication with his commander, the Count of Orvilliers, he let the English ships escaped. <br />
In the pre-revolution atmosphere that reigned in France Louis Philippe clearly hoped for a chance to replace his cousin on the throne and therefore favored all grievances against the king. His open distaste for the young queen, Marie-Antoinette, only accrued the antagonism with the king and made him unwelcome at court. He was then elected Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, one of the most powerful freemason lodge with concepts of masonic equality, fraternity and democracy. In 1780, his father gave him the Palais Royal (a very large palace across from the Louvre). He opened its gardens to the public, which quickly transformed the palace into one of the main center for anyone opposing the king and his monarchy. In 1787, Louis XVI wanted to levy a new tax on landed property, a decision to which the Parliament of Paris was strongly opposed. One more time, Louis Philippe stood against the king and was again exiled in Villers-Cotterêts. His Palais Royal had become a rallying point for the Jacobins of Paris. Louis Philippe, generously granted subventions to pamphleteers criticizing the king, hoped to stand as the champion of a constitutionalist monarchy. Laclos, Choderlos de (author of the famous epistolary novel, Dangerous Liaisons) was chosen by Louis Philippe to astutely distribute money and therefore increase his popularity. However, Philippe Egalité did not create a new movement but only rode on the top of the revolutionary atmosphere. He might have started an Orleanist conspiracy to take the throne away from his cousin but was unable to convince or even impressed powerful leaders like Lafayette, Mirabeau or Danton, George who did not think he was suited for the job. <br />
In 1789, he was elected to the States General. At the opening procession, he chose to march as a simple citizen and not according to his aristocratic rank. At the fall of the Bastille, he was surprised but rather satisfied. His popularity among the people was growing and he freely distributed food, which further exacerbated his rivalry with the court. He was also accused of instigating the tumultuous days of October (5 and 6), when the Paris crowd invaded the royal residence and killed some of Lafayette’s guards. Being too apprehensive and lacking real spirit of leadership, he failed to take advantage of his popularity. To distance him from Paris, Louis XVI sent him to England pretending to entrust him with a diplomatic mission dealing with the revolt in Belgium against Austrian rule, which he naively believed could potentially lead him to being crowned king of Belgium. In 1790, he wrote the Assembly to request his return to France to resume his position as a deputy. A few days later, he was back in Paris unnoticed since the king had approved the constitution and swore loyalty to the Assembly. Louis Philippe would have to wait until the royal family’s attempt to flee the country and their arrest in Varennes on 21 June 1791 to have a chance to replace his cousin. However, people were quickly losing trust in kings. Philippe Egalité’s sons had joined the revolutionary armies and his oldest son, future king, was bravely fighting under General Dumouriez. Louis Philippe himself tried to obtain a charge with the army but was turned down. He was blamed by the royalists to initiate the September Massacre of 1792 in which the crowd brutally killed thousands of royalist sympathizers and refractary priests (priests which rejected the constitution) including his sister in law, the Princess de Lamballe. The monarchists continued to accuse him of siding with the Third Estate and mistakenly considered him a commanding and powerful man.<br />
Elected at the Convention in 1792, he sat with the Montagne, the more extreme revolutionaries led by influential and authoritative leaders such as Robespierre, Danton, Saint Just, Marat, Jean-Paul and Couthon. He then got rid of his titles and in his desire to appear true to the constitution chose a very democratic name, Philippe Egalité, a change that was formally accepted by the Paris Commune (the governing body of Paris). Unfortunately, that decision did not help him much; the tide was fast turning against him. Girondins and Montagnards accused each other to let a former prince of blood sit at the Convention.<br />
In January 1793, he voted for the king’s death. In April General Dumouriez and Louis Philippe’s son defected to the Austrians which condemned Louis Philippe and his family in the eyes of the Convention. Even though many Convention representatives realized the blood of king ran in Philippe Egalité, they also admitted he had publicly served liberty. He was first imprisoned in Marseilles and calmly denied all accusations of counterrevolutionary activities with Mirabeau, Lafayette and Dumouriez. Ironically, denounced by Girondins, he went on trial along with them. He was condemned and guillotined in Paris on 6 November 1793.<br />
Philippe Egalité was the only member of a royal house to be a full member of a revolution to overthrow his king and to have voted for the king’s death. <br />
Further Reading: <br />
Tom Ambrose, Godfather of the revolution : the life of Philippe Égalité, Duc d'Orléans, 2008.<br />
<br />
Guy David Toubiana<br />
The Citadel</div>Toubiana